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- Acute kidney injury in pregnancy: a clinical challengePublication . Machado, S; Figueiredo, N; Borges, A; Pais, MS; Freitas, L; Moura, P; Campos, MThe incidence of acute kidney injury in pregnancy declined significantly over the second half of the 20th century; however, it is still associated with major maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. A set of systemic and renal physiological adaptive mechanisms occur during a normal gestation that will constrain several changes in laboratory parameters of renal function, electrolytes, fluid and acid-base balances. The diagnosis of acute kidney injury in pregnancy is based on the serum creatinine increase. The usual formulas for estimating glomerular filtration rate are not validated in this population. During the first trimester of gestation, acute kidney injury develops most often due to hyperemesis gravidarum or septic abortion. In the third trimester, the differential diagnosis is more challenging for the obstetrician and the nephrologist and comprises some pathologies that are reviewed in this article: preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome, acute fatty liver of pregnancy and thrombotic microangiopathies.
- Advanced Maternal Age: Adverse Outcomes of Pregnancy, A Meta-AnalysisPublication . Pinheiro, RL; Areia, AL; Mota Pinto, A; Donato, HINTRODUCTION: The risks of pregnancy in women of advanced maternal age are not consensual amongst studies. The aim of this metaanalysis was to determine whether women of advanced maternal age (≥ 35 years old) had worse obstetrical and perinatal outcomes than non- advanced maternal age women (20 - 34 years old) in singleton, naturally-conceived pregnancies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We searched PubMed/ MEDLINE, IndexRMP and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Ten studies were included according to the following criteria: population of > 1000 nulliparous and/or multiparous women with singleton gestations who did not undergo any type of infertility treatment. Using Review Manager v. 5.3, two meta-analysis were performed: one comparing the outcomes of 20 - 34-year-old vs 35 - 40-year-old women, and another comparing the outcomes of 35 - 40-year-old women vs > 40-year-old women. RESULTS: Women aged 35 - 40 years old were more likely to have > 12 years of education than 20 - 34 years old and > 40 years old women. Advanced maternal age women (35 - 40 and > 40 years old) were more likely to be overweight and having gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension. They were also more likely to undergo induced labour and elective caesarean deliveries. Furthermore, they had worse perinatal outcomes such as preterm delivery, low birthweight babies, higher rates of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admission and worse Apgar scores. Advanced maternal age women had higher rates of perinatal mortality and stillbirth. DISCUSSION: Most authors present similar results to our study. Although the majority of adverse outcomes can be explained through the physio-pathological changes regarding the female reproductive apparatus that come with aging and its inherent comorbidities, according to the existing literature advanced maternal age can be an independent risk factor per se. In older pregnant women without comorbidities such as gestational hypertension or diabetes there are still worse obstetric and perinatal outcomes, which indicate that advanced maternal age is an independent strong risk factor alone. CONCLUSION: Advanced maternal age women are at a higher risk of adverse obstetrical and perinatal outcomes. In both comparisons, worse outcomes were more prevalent in the older group, suggesting that poorer outcomes are more prevalent with increasing age.
- Antenatal diagnosis of congenital hepatic hemangioma: a case reportPublication . Cabrita, SV; Gonçalves, S; Rodrigues, H; Guerra, N; Moura, PHepatic tumors in children account for only 1 to 5% of all pediatric tumors. Hepatic hemangioma is, however, the third most common tumor of the liver in childhood. We report a case of an antenatal diagnosis of a hepatic tumor detected on a first obstetric ultrasound, at 26(th) week of gestation. It revealed a complex, predominantly solid hepatic lesion with 3 x 3 cm and a marked, essentially peripheral, Doppler blood flow. Fetal echocardiography showed a normal heart besides a vena cava displacement by the hepatic mass. Fetal Hepatic hemangioma was suspected. Follow-up ultrasounds were unchanged. Pregnancy evolved well. At 36 weeks of gestation was spontaneously delivered a 3300 g boy whose examination revealed a visible thoracoabdominal circulation and a palpable liver. No skin lesions, namely hemangiomas or petechiae were identified. Postnatal magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of Hepatic hemangioma. Treatment was initiated with prednisolone followed by interferon. After 2 years, there is no active lesion.
- Anti-MuSK-positive myasthenia gravis diagnosed during pregnancy: New challenges for an old diseasePublication . Neves, AR; Monteiro, P; Matos, A; Santos-Silva, IMyasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting predominantly women in their reproductive age. The course of the disease during pregnancy is unpredictable, although it is more difficult to manage earlier in the gestation. Myasthenia gravis with antibodies against the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (anti-MuSK) has been described as a subtype of disease with more localised clinical features and a poorer response to treatment than acetylcholine receptor antibody (anti-AChR)-positive patients. Few cases have been reported in pregnant women, with deliveries being performed mainly by caesarean section. We report a successful case of vaginal delivery and describe our experience providing the first review of the management of this subtype of disease during pregnancy.
- Avaliação clínica da icterícia neonatalPublication . Fonseca, M; Nordeste, A; Resende, C; Taborda, A; Ramos, C
- Cerclage na prevenção do parto pré-termo: revisão de 13 casosPublication . Castro, MG; Santos-Silva, A; Leitão-Marques, A; Mimoso, G; Matos, LO parto pré-termo é o principal responsável pela morbilidade e mortalidade perinatal em países industrializados. Entre as diferentes causas, destaca-se um conjunto de situações caracterizado pela dilatação indolor do colo uterino com prolapso das membranas no canal cervical (funnelling), que ocorre mais frequentemente durante o segundo trimestre da gestação, dando origem a abortos tardios ou partos pré-termo muito precoces e, consequentemente, situações clínicas com um prognóstico perinatal muito reservado.
- Contributo de fatores individuais, sociais e ambientais para a decisão de prosseguir uma gravidez não planeada na adolescência: Um estudo caracterizador da realidade portuguesaPublication . Pires, R; Pereira, J; Araújo Pedrosa, A; Vilar, D; Vicente, L; Canavarro, MC
- Corionicidade e complicações perinatais na gravidez gemelar: casuística de 10 anosPublication . Manso, P; Vaz, A; Taborda, A; Santos-Silva, IOVERVIEW AND AIMS: Multiple pregnancy accounts for about 3% of all pregnancies. The monochorionic pregnancy presents a relatively constant incidence (1:250 pregnancies) unlike the dichorionic, which is influenced by race, heredity, maternal age, parity and medically assisted procreation. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of chorionicity on perinatal morbidity of twin pregnancy. POPULATION AND METHODS: Retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive and analytical study of women with twin pregnancy whose birth occurred in our maternity hospital since January/1999 until December/2008. Inclusion criteria: monochorionic and dichorionic twin pregnancies confirmed by ultrasound. Exclusion criteria: monochorionic monoamniotic gestation. Demographic data, delivery variables and perinatal morbidity and mortality were studied. Data were evaluated using the χ2 test (qualitative variables), t-Student (continuous quantitative variables) and Mann-Whitney test (quantitative discrete variables). RESULTS: We studied 504 pregnancies (356 dichorionic diamniotic and 148 monochorionic diamniotic). The monochorionic pregnancy had a higher incidence of threatened preterm labor (43,9% vs 31,5%, p<0,05), of oligohydramnios/hydramnios (9,8% vs 3,3%, p<0,001), discordant fetal growth (26,8% vs 14,8%, p<0,001) and intrauterine growth restriction (7,4% vs 3,7%, p<0,05). Prematurity was more common in the monochorionic group (p<0,001). The cesarean delivery rate was higher in monochorionic pregnancy (58,8% vs 50,3%, p<0,05) and the average weight of newborns was lower in monochorionic pregnancies (1983g vs 2233g, p<0,001). Newborns in the monochorionic group had higher incidence of hyaline membrane disease (5,8% vs 2,8%, p<0,05) and intraventricular haemorrhage (2,1% vs 0,4%, p<0,05). The perinatal mortality was higher in the monochorionic group (7,8% vs 1,8%, p<0,001). CONCLUSIONS: As the morbidity and mortality associated with monochorionic pregnancies are higher, it is essential to perform an early detection of chorionicity by ultrasound (11-13 weeks) in order to place differentiated prenatal and appropriate peripartum surveillance.
- Crescimento discordante precoce numa gravidez gemelar monocoriónicaPublication . Sousa, S; Passarinho, R; Alves, M; Taborda, A; Santos-Silva, IIntroduction: Abnormal growth, including discordant growth and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), occurs frequently in twin pregnancies and has been associated with increased risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Typically this occurs in the second or third trimester. Discordant growth in monochorionic twin pregnancies is probably related with the complications of a shared placenta. It is not clear whether there is increased risk of perinatal morbidity in both discordant twins or only in those with low birth weight. Case report: A 21 year old primigravida with a spontaneous monochorionic twin pregnancy was seen to have a crown-rump length discordance at 8 weeks of gestation (one fetus with 6mm and the other with 12 mm). All routine tests were normal. No major congenital or karyotype abnormalities or evidence of twin to twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) were detected during follow up examinations. This discrepancy persisted until birth: fetus A was in the 25th percentile while fetus B below the 5th percentile. Umbilical artery flow in both twins remained normal. At 34 weeks, preeclampsia developed and labor induction was performed. The twins had a birth weight of 2195 g and 1415 g (35,5% discrepancy), and an Apgar score of 7 and 10 at 5th minute, respectively. They remain in the neonatal intensive care unit for 29 days, with the larger twin having more complications: transient tachypnea of the newborn, pneumothorax and hyperbilirubinemia. At two years old, they both had a normal development. Discussion: In monochorionic twins with a normal karyotype and no evidence of TTTS, the causes of discordant growth are not always clear. In this case, the occurrence of discordant growth and IUGR did not lead to more complications in the smaller twin.
- Crescimento fetal e controlo glicémico em grávidas diabéticas tipo 1Publication . Campos, MV; Ruas, L; Paiva, S; Leitão, P; Lobo, C; Marta, E; Sobral, E; Cravo, AINTRODUCTION: Conflicting results have been reported with respect to the relationship between direct or indirect measures of glycemic control in mothers with type 1 diabetes and macrosomia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of LGA babies in type 1 diabetic pregnancies and analyse the influence of some maternal characteristics and glucose control in oversized babies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 18 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus was performed. It was divided in two groups: group 1 (G1- n=9)--pregnant women with LGA babies and group 2 (G2- n=9)--pregnant women with AGA (Appropriate weight for gestational age) babies. We evaluate the follow parameters: HbA1c in the third trimester of pregnancy, fasting and 1 h postprandial capillary glucose levels, pregestational BMI, maternal age, duration of Diabetes mellitus, weight gain during pregnancy, microvascular diabetes complications (retinopathy and nefropathy), and type of delivery. We defined LGA birth weight over the 90 centile. RESULTS: LGA babies occurred in 50% of gestations. We did not find any statistical differences in maternal age, diabetes mellitus duration, pregestational BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, microvascular diabetes complications, HbA1c levels (medium value in the two groups 6,5%). The glucose fasting values were higher in G1: 95,7 +/- 31.7 mg/ dl, vs G2: 83.3 +/- 17.1 mg/dl without, however, reaching statistically significant differences. There was statically differences in postprandial glucose values G1: 160.3 +/- 60.2 mg/dl vs G2: 111.9 +/- 27.1 mg/dl -- p= 0.043. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of LGA babies was elevated 50% in type 1 diabetic pregnancies, although normal HbA1c values. Thus we conclude that the 1 h postprandial glucose levels should be considered a strong predictor of fetal growth.